英文学术论文范文范例 第1篇

关键词:生态教学观;英语论文教学;自主学习;合作学习

英语毕业论文写作是英语专业中的实践课程之一,是高等学校最后一个重要的教学环节。其旨在指导学生学术规范和资料查阅方法的基础上,引导学生利用四年本科的专业所学发现问题、分析问题和解决问题,最后完成一篇学位论文。学位论文作为教学质量重要观测点,是学生理论知识和语言应用能力的集中体现,是衡量英语专业教学水平以及学生毕业和学位资格认证的重要依据,其教学质量和水平值得深入探究。

1目前英语论文写作教学现状

通过多年英语论文写作的教学实践,问卷调查和师生访谈,笔者了解到目前英语论文写作教学存在的一些问题。

从教的角度来看

在教学时间方面看,英语论文课程安排在第7个学期,共32个课时,即每周两节课。但是该学期学生安排了一个月的专业实习。加上国庆放假等,实际授课时间能保证22个学时左右,可以说时间紧。从英语论文教学内容方面来说,需要设计几大板块:学术论文特点及要求,论文写作进程与时间安排,英语专业选题范围及其技巧,材料收集与分析,格式类型和要求,开题报告撰写及答辩,毕业论文修改及答辩,可以说任务重。从传统的教学观念来,课程教学的目的是通过专题讲座的方式让学生了解学术论文的写作规范和要求。教师传递和灌输信息的教学方式仍然佔主导地位。在时间紧任务重,教学方式与课程“实践性”相悖的情况下,探究新的教学模式势在必行。

从学的角度看

首先,学生缺乏科研概念。三年多的英语专业学习,更多的是注重专业知识和听说读写译等技能的训练,大多数学生对科研方法和学术文章缺乏认识。其次,学生对论文写作课态度比较消极。鉴于毕业生的身份,学生的注意力主要集中在实习、准备考研、考专八、考公务员和教师资格证及其关注就业信息等方面,对毕业论文写作的学习关注度普遍不高。再次,多数学生不知道如何利用数字图书馆查阅学术文献,而查阅科研文献是评价学生是否具有独立科研能力的重要指标。有限的课堂教学无法给学生介绍相关领域的学术前沿,只能抛砖引玉指导学生独立查阅、分析和完成相关研究数据。以上要素的缺失,导致大部分毕业生的英语论文出现选题陈旧,论文结构不合理,语言不规范,论证不严密,语法错误较多的现象,甚至有学生出现抄袭和剽窃等行为。针对上述分析,英语论文课堂教学如何在有效的时间内高效的提高学生的学术素养显得尤其重要。

2生态教学观下英语论文写作教学模式

生态教学观的特点

教育生态学(ecologyofeducation)由美国学者劳伦斯.克雷于1976年率先提出,1990年后开始在中国流行。而真正把它运用于跨学科研究是近几年的事。它强调研究构成整个教育生态系统的人、教育(活动)和教育环境三个要素之间的关系。所谓的“生态课堂”就是一种把学生、教师、学习内容、学习方法、学习评价和学习环境看成一个教学的生态系统,并以此来建立一种整体的、多样性的、和谐的、可持续发展的课堂形式,是一种符合学生生理特征和学习生活习性的课堂形态(周士勤,2007)。综合国外生态学理念,生态课堂具有动态性、生成性、真实性和可持续性的基本特点(罗志定,2005)。在知识观方面,生态教育模式提倡批判型知识观,并在一定程度上对知识的客观性确定性提出了质疑,强调知识的动态性。强调知识不能以实体形式存在于个体之外,它的外在形式在学习中由个体的经验背景重新建构起来,形成内化的“思维中的具体”。在学习观方面,基础知识观转变的逻辑,学生不可能是被动的信息接受者,而是意义的主动建构者;外部信息没有意义,意义是学习者通过新旧知识间的相互作用形成的;经验背景的差异导致学生理解的差异,因此沟通与合作在学习中很重要。在教学观方面,教学不能无视背景经验,而要以其为基础和起点发展出新的知识经验;应以合作互动的方式,在社会文化参与下内化相关知识;知识不能脱离情景抽象存在,教学应把学习与情景化社会实践活动联系在一起。

生态教学观下英语论文的教学模式

基于生态教学观的基本内涵,结合英语论文写作实践性课程的特点,可以启发教师在英语论文写作课上创设理想的学习环境,促进学生自主学习和合作学习支架的构建,监督学生重组、转换和改造自己的知识经验,并及时对其学习活动进行恰当的评价,此种教学方法可以有效的提高英语论文写作教学的效度。具体教学模式如下:

专题讲座与自主学习技能培训相结合模式

“英语论文写作课程”是《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》中规定的必修课,是学生四年本科专业学习写作中一次重要的学术实践活动。它在注重学生科研素质和综合能力培养的同时,对学生知识的掌握具有针对性和突出性的特征。依据生态教学观认为学生是学习的主体,教师要注重学生的背景知识经验,采用积极的教学方法协助他们成为信息意义的主动构建者,并且把所构建的知识内化为“思维中的具体”的提法。结合英语论文写作课实践性的特征,教师可以采用专题讲座的方式,给学生介绍他们能理解和接受的学术论文相关知识,可并辅以学生已经学过的英美文学、语言学、翻译等知识点作为事实论据,来论证与学术论文写作相关的知识。比如在讲到英美文学方向选题的时候,可以选出一位大家都熟知的作家杰克.伦敦作为例子,帮助学生分析从一位作家和他的作品两大方面的角度选题可以从哪几方面入手。讲完专题后,可以安排学生自己另选一个作家,用这样的方法去提出相关论文的选题。或者在讲到文献材料查阅专题时,教师在讲完利用电子图书馆查阅文献的方法后,可以安排学生到学校电子阅览室完成相关文献的查阅任务。学生通过专题讲座的指引,和实际技能操练,可以在自己先前知识经验的基础上自主构建知识体系,这样就把讲练结合在一起。这样的教学模式,不仅能激发学生的学习兴趣,还能让学生适时的掌握科研技能。但是在此过程中教师要对学生的学习活动进行监控并给出评价,才能促进该教学模式有效进行。

专题讲座与合作学习相结合的模式

生态教育具有整体性的意思是指整个课堂是由多种元素构成的,诸如认得要素、物的要素;个体和群体。各要素之间相互影响,相互依存形成一个完整的生态实体。教学活动以群体的组织方式展开,师生之间协商角色分配,相互学习,通过借助集体的力量完善自身,从而达到良性循环。基于此理论,加上论文课程教学知识点比较枯燥,学生态度不端正等特点。教师可以借助合作学习的方式,根据学生的选题兴趣和选题方向分成学习小组,比如英国文学组,美国文学组,英语教学法组,翻译组等。每个专题讲座完,可以组织小组共同讨论该专题的相关话题,并总结自己的研究方向在这个专题下的独立特征。由于小组个体对认知的差异性,可以导致他们之间存在信息差,小组讨论非但可以拉小这样的信息差,还可以促进他们在完成小组任务的同时构建新的知识体系。教师按小组的整体表现给予评价。比如在讲到开题报告的撰写和答辩专题时,教师可以安排学习小组从自己的研究方向,文学或者翻译范围内选出一个话题作为研究目标,全体小组成员共同查资料,依据本学院的毕业论文开题报告规范,共同完成一篇开题报告的撰写,并在小组内模拟答辩场景。实现合作选题,合作写作,同伴互评等小组学习实践,有效节约课内实践,达到学习要求。

英文学术论文范文范例 第2篇

例1题名:护理期刊论文出版时滞的探讨

摘要 为了解护理期刊论文出版时滞,采用宋忠生提出的期刊出版时滞计算方法,对5种护理期刊1998年发表的2030篇论文出版时滞进行了统计和分析。

结果显示:护理期刊论文发表周期最长931(31个月),最短6d;年均均散度最长13. 63个月,最短5. 16个月。

时滞最长的是《中华护理杂志》,其次为《山西护理杂志》,最短的是《实用护理杂志》。

《中华护理杂志》时滞长的原因是知名度高、来稿多、采用量大于载文量、退修量大、刊文量低。

2.综述型学术论文

在综合分析和评价已发表过的资料的基础上,提出该涉及专题在特定时期内发展演变的规律和趋势的`综述型学术论文,其摘要的结构格式及写作内容应为:某学科(或某专题、某领域)的综述结果表明了什么,其过去、现在的发展状况及其动态情况,还存在什么问题尚待解决,建议今后的研究方向。

英文学术论文范文范例 第3篇

过去曾有过“半部《论语》治天下”的说法。在延续一千多年的科举时代,《论语》也是国家录用官员考试的指定教科书。

但是随着时代的变迁,治理国家的环境变了,治理国家的方式自然也会发生根本性的变化。

因此在二十一世纪的今天,还指望通过两千多年前形成的《论语》上面制定的治理国家的方式来管理国家,是不切实际的。

所以我根据开放社会的理论、从国际视野的角度、围绕怎样学习文化知识和怎样学习做人的主题,从整部《论语》中选择了一半与此有关的部分,按照“教育、孝顺、仁爱、诚信、礼节、义利、察人、交友、鬼神、志向、反省、君子”这十二个分类推荐给大家,希望能对大家学会怎样做人有所参考。另外,为了保证《论语》的完整性,我们同时也在这本书的结尾,附上了整本《论语》的全文。一来可以让大家了解本书所选择的部分在《论语》中的具体出处,二来也可以为那些有兴趣学习整本《论语》的读者提供一个方便。

近来,外国语学院英语系的学生忙者摘抄《论语》,交谈中还时不时说几句“子曰”、“诗曰”。究其原因,原来是教授《语言与文化》的姚丽华老师布置了作业——全篇抄写《论语》并写出读后感。

《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作,由孔子及其再传弟子们编撰而成。古人说:“半部《论语》治天下。”它对中国历史和民族文化的影响可谓深远。《论语》之在中国,犹如《圣经》之在西方。目前,“英语潮”、“韩语潮”的兴起,却让我们将古代的精华遗忘在了角落。为了让大家对中国的经典著作,对中华民族博大精深的文化有更深入了解,增加自身素质,更为以后的英语翻译打下坚实的基础,老师才特有此布置。

要成为一名合格的英语翻译人才,首先就应该对本国的文化十分熟悉,,这样才能将正确的信息传达给外国人。“双语人才”是要掌握两种文化,并会熟练应用两种语言的人才。假如连自己本国的古典文化都不知道,又怎能传播我们的悠久历史呢?

对于人伦关系的探讨是孔子学说的重要组成部分。按照朱熹《四书章句——中庸》的说法,以孔子为代表的儒家将人伦关系大致分为五个方面:“君臣也,父子也,夫妇也,昆弟也,朋友之交也。”由此可见,朋友关系是人伦关系的重要方面。孔子的交友思想十分丰富,仅就《论语》而言,可以将其梳理为以下三个部分。一、朋友的作用

子曰:“视其所以,观其所由,察其所安,人焉廋哉?人焉廋哉?”(为政)子曰:“德不孤,必有邻。”(里仁)人在社会中不可能是孤立的,物以类聚,人以群分。从外部看,考察一个人所结交的朋友,就可以推断出这个人属于哪种类型。从内部看,人只有在朋友中间才能找到归属感。这种归属感不同于家的感觉。除了情感的寄托以外,“家”还有天然的血亲关系加以维系。朋友圈则不同,友情不仅可以满足情感表达交流的需要,还可以使人获得价值上的认同。纯粹的友情总是靠共同的取向得以维系的。一方面,我们通过朋友这面镜子,了解自己是谁;另一方面,我们在与朋友的交往中产生共鸣。子曰:“……有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?……”(学而)子曰:“益者三乐,损者三乐。乐节礼乐,乐道人之善,乐多贤友,益矣。”(季氏)纯粹的友情带来的是超脱功利的快乐。

英文学术论文范文范例 第4篇

Study on College Tourism English Teaching Combining with Aba Local Tourism Culture

Abstract: Boasting of rich, outstanding natural and cultural tourism resources, marvelous landscape, specific humanistic environment, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture is well-known to the world, which has been attracting ever-increasing tourists home and abroad with its unique charm, such as the fairy-land like natural scenery, mysterious Tibetan Buddhist culture, ancient Qiang’s Shibi (necromancer) culture, the Red Army’s Long March culture and so on. These rich natural and cultural tourism resources raise the economic benefits of cultural tourism development emphasis. Aba is an ethnic minority area leading with the tourism industry; after years of development, tourism has become the main source of income for the local ethnic minorities. More and more foreign tourists have been attracted into this area, particularly, Europe, the United States and other English-speaking countries have become the major source countries; a large number of high-qualified tourism professionals are in urgent need, and tourism English teaching plays a very important role for cultivating High quality talents who are both proficient in English, grasping high level tourism skills, and quite familiar with Aba tourism resources. This paper analyzes and puts forward some constructive measures on how to combine Aba tourism resources, local culture with college tourism English teaching.

Key words: Aba tourism resources local culture college tourism English teaching

Introduction:

After joining WTO, China gets more and more intimacy communication opportunities with the world; has been attracting ever-increasing foreign tourists and foreign tourism industry is rapidly developing. However, the development of the tourism industry and excellent tourism practitioners can not be synchronized, particularly high quality foreign tourism practitioners are seriously lacking, which causing the deve lopment of China’s foreign tourism lag, especially the local tourism resources and cultural characteristics can not be good publicized. Most of the local colleges are in charge of cultivating qualified personnel for local economic development, many vocational colleges set up Tourism English major, but because of teaching conception, method and practice are old-fashioned and out of touch, it results in Tourism English graduates are unable to adapt to the development needs of the tourism industry, and not well for the local tourism economy.

Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture boasts abundant tourism resources and unique ethnic culture, which needs more high quality tourism practitioners who are skilled with foreign communicative ability and having comprehensive local culture knowledge to publicize the local culture and bring to a great height of development. Thus, the local college tourism English teaching should attach great importance to the needs of penetrating the local tourism and culture, and combining the introduction of local characteristics and cultural tourism with English teaching has very important significance.

英文学术论文范文范例 第5篇

[摘 要]思辨能力或称批判性思维能力,是指能够对事物进行分析、辨别、质疑、反思和评价的能力,是一种能够提高学生创新能力

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英文学术论文范文范例 第6篇

学术论文格式范文(1):对社会科学、自然科学、技术开发研究、综合科学的论述说理文章,通过运用概念、判断、推理、证明或反驳等逻辑思维手段.来分析表达科学研究中的成果。

它或是论述创新性研究工作成果的书面文件,或是某些实验性、理论性、观测性的新知识的科学客观记录,或是应用已知的科学原理在技术研究开发中取得新进展的理论总结。

按课题性质可分为基础理论研究、实验[试验]研究、应用开发研究等几种类型。

其基本要求是:①要有创新。

在感性认识的基础上进行理性的.演化,运用科学的逻辑思维方法.经过归纳处理形成理论的概念和系统、得到事物的发生、发展和变化的规律性。

③实事求是。

论文所表达的内容要有真实性。

科学即求实。

④论文规范。

写作格式规范,语言明确简洁、条理层次分明、图解形象、论述严谨、客观、通顺、准确。

学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或预测性上具有的新的科学研究成果或创新见解和知识的科学记录,或是某种已知原理应用于实际上取得新进展的科学总结,用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流、讨论或学术刊物上发表,或用作其他用途的书面文件。

在社会科学领域,人们通常把表达科研成果的论文称为学术论文。

具有四大特点:①学术性 ②科学性 ③创造性 ④理论性

学术论文写作格式技巧:

一篇好的学术论文,必然要求先有好的构思,没有构思可能写出不错的散文,但是永远也写不出一篇好的论文.

(一)谋篇构思的思路与要求

1.构思要围绕主题展开若要使学术论文写得条理清晰、脉络分明,必须要使全文有一条贯穿线,这就是论文的主题。

学术论文影响读者主要就是靠其主题来实现的。

因此,下笔写学术论文前,谋篇构思就要围绕主题,构思要为主题服务。

正如法国的画家米勒(Millet)所说:“所谓构思,是指把一个人的思想传递给别人的艺术”。

可见这一条十分重要。

2.构思学术论文布局,要力求结构完整统一

在对一篇学术论文构思时,有时会发现需要按时间顺序编写,有时又会需要按地域位置(空间)顺序编写,但更多的还是需要按逻辑关系编写,即要求符合客观事物的内在联系和规律,符合科学研究和认识事物的逻辑。

但不管属于何种情形,都应保持合乎情理、连贯完整。

有时,构思出现几种写作方案,这就需要进行比较,在比较中,随着思考的不断深化,写作思路又会经历一个由庞杂到单纯,由千头万绪到形成一条明确线索的过程,此时,应适时抓住顿悟之机,按照古人之去“应机立断,须定一途”的精神,确定一种较好方案。

3.要作读者分析

撰写并发表任何一篇科技文章,其最终目的是让别人读的,因此,构思时要求做“心中装着读者”,多作读者分析。

有了清晰的读者对象,才能有效地展开构思,也才能顺利地确定立意、选材以及表达的角度硕士毕业论文提纲模板范文论文。

一般说来,读者可分为专业读者、非专业读者、主管领导或科技工作主管机构负责人等,人们对科技文章的要求与评估标准各异。

对于学术论文来说,其读者对象为同行专业读者,因此,构思要从满足专业需要与发展的角度去思考,确定取舍材料与表达深度与广度,明确学术论文的重点。

(二)如何提高构思能力

因此,重要的问题在于通过写作实践训练思维能力,思维能力提高了,构思学术论文的能力将随之提高。

据资料报导,世界上先拟制定作提纲,然后按提纲进行写作的科技人员,约占总数的95%。

英文学术论文范文范例 第7篇

Abstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style.

Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, analysis, speech.

马丁。 路德。金 《我有一个梦》的文体分析

摘 要:本文首先阐述了文体学的定义,并在此基础上对对美国着名黑人领袖马丁。 路德。金的着名演讲《我有一个梦》中所使用的文体手段进行了详尽的分析,进而对演讲文体的风格进行了简要的论述。

关键词:文体学;文体手段;分析;演讲

As an interdisciplinary field of study, stylistics promises to offer useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature with its explicit aims and effective techniques. It is very useful in the analysis of various styles of writing. In this thesis, the author tries to offer a stylistic analysis of the famous speech by Martin Luther king, Jr. I Have a Dream.

1、 Introduction: Definition of Stylistics and Stylistic Analysis

As far as the definition of stylistics is concerned different scholars define the branch of study in different ways. Wales defines stylistics simply as “ the study of style” (^v^:437), while Widdowson provides a more informative definition as “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation” and takes “a view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two” (1975:3)。 Leech holds a similar view. He defines stylistics as the “study of the use of language in literature” (1969:1) and considers stylistics a “meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study”(1969:2)。 From what Widdowson and Leech say, we can see that stylistics is an area of study that straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics. It takes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.

Stylistic analysis is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text; that is, what it is that is peculiar to the uses of language in a literary text for delivering the message. This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse. Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a literary text by Systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another. Halliday points out, “The text may be seen as ‘this’ in contrast with ‘that’, with another poem or another novel; stylistics studies are essentially comparative in nature…”(1971:341)。 On this points, Widdowson is of the same opinion as Halliday. He says:“All literary appreciation is comparative, as indeed is a recognition of styles in general” (1975:84)。 Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity that is highly comparative in nature.

2、 Related Information of the Speech I HAVE A DREAM and Its Author

Martin Luther King, jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of a clergyman and the grandson of a slave. After attending several colleges he received his Ph. D. in theology from Boston University in 1955. He led the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955-1956. As president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he then led civil rights demonstrations in many cities. In 1963 he helped organize the march on Washington, which brought together more than 200,000 people. A leader in establishing a nonviolent civil rights movement, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 1964. King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1968, shortly before his fortieth birthday. Since then, he has become an American folk hero, and on November 2, 1983, a law honoring Dr. King was signed by President Rigan, effective January 1986, making the third Monday of January a national holiday. He is the only U. S. citizen other than George Washington to be recognized in this way.

In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in the United States. One hundred years after this decree was signed, however, the life of blacks was still “sadly crippled by the manacles of seGREgation and the Chains discrimination.” On August 28, 1963, a quarter of million people of all races came to Washington, D. C., to show their support for freedom and justice for all Americans, and for black people in particular. At that demonstration, Martin Luther King, jr. delivered this famous speech I HAVE A DREAM, widely regarded as the most eloquent statement of the black people’s dreams and aspirations ever made. In his speech, Dr. King told the world, “I have a dream” that equality would come “to all of God’s children.” He said he wanted everyone to be able to “join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, ‘Free at last! Free at last!…’”

3、 A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech (An analysis of some of the stylistic devices used in the speech)

Martin Luther King’s speech of August 28, 1963 is widely regarded as one of the most powerful ever delivered in the United States. Although this address was delivered orally, it was read from a written text composed with GREat care. It is an example of formal English with a convincing style. Here are some of the stylistic devices (which maybe considered traditionally as rhetorical devices) used by Dr King to inspire and persuade.

Repetition:

Throughout the speech, Dr. King repeats words and sentence. This is a very outstanding feature in this speech called repetition. It belongs to the stylistic device of syntactic over-regularity. The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word, phrase or even a sentence (Leech, 1969), because all the over-regular features in literature are in some sense repetitious. Used in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable. In paragraphs 8 through 16, for example, King uses the words “I have a dream” nine times. This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker’s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God’s children.

If we study the whole speech more carefully, it is easy for us to find many other examples of repetition used.

① But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro.

② is still sadly crippled by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.

Here the phrase “one hundred years later” has been repeated three times, seemingly indicating that it is really a long time for the Negro to wait for the coming of the time of justice and righteousness.

②But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity of this nation. ()

the phrase “we refuse to believe that…” has been used twice to indicate the speaker’s good hope.

③ Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God’s Children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. ()

In this short passage, the clause “Now is the time to…” has been used four times to emphasize the fierce urgency of “NOW” and to encourage and persuade the blacks to take immediate action to rise above and gain their own rights and freedom.

Other examples of repetition can still be easily found throughout the speech. In par. 7, the words “we can never/cannot be satisfied as long as…” has been used as many as five times to show the determination and persistence of the black people; in par. 17, the words “with the faith we will be able to…” has been repeated twice for the purpose of showing how strong the faith of the black people is to struggle for the brotherhood of “all of God’s children”, and how strong the faith of the black people is to believe that they “will be free one day”。 Now let’s enjoy another example.

④And if America is to be a GREat nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire! Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!

Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!

Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California!

But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!

Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.

Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city… (Paragraphs 19 through 25)

the words “Let Freedom ring…” has been repeated as many as nine times to indicate that it is the whole of the United States rather than any part of it that should be bathed in the sunshine of freedom.

Use of Parallelism

Parallelism is another syntactic over-regularity. It means exact repetition in equivalent positions. It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication, it “requires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are ‘parallel’ with respect to their position in the pattern”(Leech, 1969:66)。 To put it simply, parallelism means the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal. To take them parallel, balance nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, clauses with clauses, and so forth.

In his speech, Martin Luther King uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help the audience line up his ideas. Here are few examples:

⑤…by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination…(, two parallel noun phrases)

⑥“This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.” (, two parallel infinitive phrases: “to engage…to take…”)

⑦“there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America…”(Par. 5, two parallel nouns joined with “neither…nor”)

⑧“We shall never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity…”(Par. 7, two parallel verb phrases)

It is traditionally believed that parallelism is used for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing, esp. in speech, the ideas expressed by the speaker (or author in written versions), thus always encouraging and inspiring the audience. We need not to be very carefully to find out many more examples of parallelism used in King’s speech and classified as is followed:

parallel nouns:

⑨This not was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. (Par. 3, three parallel nouns as attributive)

⑩1963 is not an end, but a beginning (Par. 5, two parallel nouns joined with “not…but…”)

⑾Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. (Par. 6)

⑿…have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. (Par. 6, two pairs of parallel nouns)。

⒀I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment…(Par. 8)

⒁…a desert state sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. (Par. 11, two pairs of parallel nouns)。

Parallel noun phrases:

⒂So we have to came to cash this check-a check that will give as upon demand the riches of freedom and The security of justice. (Par. 4)

⒃I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brother hood (Par. 10)

Parallel infinitive phrases:

⒄It would be fetal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. (, two parallel infinitive phrases)

⒅With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to straggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. (Par. 7, five parallel infinitive phrases)。

Parallel prepositional phrases

⒆I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. (Par. 12)

⒇…, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, … (Par. 25)

E. Parallel clauses:

(21) …, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and (that) their freedom is inextricably bound t our freedom. (Par. 6, two parallel objective clause)

(22) I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough place will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. (Par. 6, six parallel clauses used as appositions of the noun “dream”)。

Use of Similes and Metaphors

As two very important types of meaning transference in literature, similes and metaphors are comparisons that show similarities in things that are basically different, which can be used to add vividness and vitality to writing. As Leech points out, metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference which may be called the “metaphoric rule” (1969: 151)。 That is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.

Throughout the speech, King makes extensive use of similes and metaphors. In paragraph 1, for example, King compares The Emancipation Proclamation to two forms of brilliant light cutting through darkness. The first-“a joyous daybreak”-compares it to the sunrise, which (in this case) ends “the long night of captivity”。 In paragraph 2, he speaks of “the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination,” comparing segregation and discrimination under which the Negro people live to the manacles and chains once used on slaves. Therefore, it is very clear that the using of similes and metaphors can definitely add vividness and vitality to writing and make it easy for the readers or audience to understand.

英文学术论文范文范例 第8篇

时光荏苒,转瞬半年的工作已经接近尾声,在学校领导和老师的关怀和帮助下,自己很快适应了这里的生活,并能积极投身于跟岗学习之中,下面我将来市一小后近半年的工作、生活、学习等各方面的情况总结如下:

一、工作方面

在工作中,树立为教育作贡献的光荣感和责任感,把到市一小作为锻炼和提高自己能力的途径;能自觉遵守学校的各项规章制度,充分调动学生的学习积极*,激发学生的学习情绪,合理运用教学手段,开拓学生思维,发挥学生的想象力,上好日常课,切实地向课堂四十分钟要质量,使学生乐学好学。今年我教四十班语文,在打造高效课堂过程中,我积极转变教学方法,研读教材,在高效课堂验收活动中顺利达标。跟岗学习期间不忘本职工作。学校每次组织的考试,我所教的学科都稳中求进。在“中华颂”全国万校小学生魅力作文作文国家级大赛中荣获国家级辅导金奖,并同时授予“全国作文教研明星教师”荣誉称号;学术论文(成果)《浅析教学四环节中的拓展巩固环节》在20xx—20xx年度全国基础教育教学学术论文成果评选中,被评为二等奖。

二、生活方面

学校的领导对我们跟岗学习的老师非常重视,给予了我们无微不至的关怀和照顾,在生活中、工作上他们都尽可能的为我们提供方便,使我倍感温暖。各级领导的关心和帮助使我很受感动,也帮我解除了后顾之忧,使我能更好的投身于工

英文学术论文范文范例 第9篇

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。

各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。

如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

英文学术论文范文范例 第10篇

摘要应当写明发明或者实用新型专利申请所公开内容的概要,即写明发明或者实用新型的名称和所属的技术领域,需要解决的技术问题、主要技术特征和用途。摘要文字部分不得超过300个字。有附图的专利申请,应当由申请人指定并提供一幅最能说明该发明或者实用新型技术特征的附图。附图的大小及清晰度应当保证在该图缩小到4cmX6cm,仍能清晰地分辨出图中的各个细节。

摘要:凡自然科学的立项研究成果、实验研究报告、调查结果报告等原创性论著的摘要应具备四要素:目的、材料与方法、结果、结论。其他论文的摘要也应确切反映论文的主要观点,概括其结果和结论。摘要的撰写应精心构思,往往是评稿、审稿的第一筛。

随着科学技术的发展,越来越多的学者涉及到学术论文的写作领域,那么怎样写学术论文、学术论文写作是怎样要求的、格式如何,下面就介绍一下学术论文的写作,希望能对您论文写作有所帮助。

(一)题名(Title,Topic)

1 摘要的概念和作用

摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。

具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。对一篇完整的论文都要求写随文摘要,摘要的主要功能有:

1) 让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海,读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文,主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以,摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。

2) 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后,文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用,从而避免他人编写摘要可能产生的误解、欠缺甚至错误。

2 摘要的分类

按摘要的不同功能来划分,大致有如下3种类型。

报道性摘要

报道性摘要是指明一次文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明摘要,相当于简介。报道性摘要一般用来反映科技论文的目的、方法及主要结果与结论,在有限的字数内向读者提供尽可能多的定性或定量的信息,充分反映该研究的创新之处。

指示性摘要

报道-指示性摘要

英文学术论文范文范例 第11篇

关键词: 中医药研究生学术论文 英语摘要 语类分析

一、本课题国内外研究现状述评

(一)语类分析

语类分析是篇章语言学重要的研究内容之一(Thompson,1999;Hyland,1999,2004a,2005a,2005b;Paltridge,Starfield,2007)。语类是为实现某一交际目标,得到特定交际社团公认的语言交际类型(葛冬梅、杨瑞英,2005;庞继贤、叶宁,2009)。语类分析主要在语篇层面结合功能进行,目的是阐释学术文体的语篇推进结构和语言特征,体现了学术文体写作的规范要求。

(二)摘要研究述评

学位论文摘要是位于学位论文正文之前对论文整体内容进行概述的独立学术语类。《MLA格式指南与学术出版准则》(1998)对论文摘要的要求是长度不超过350字,内容包括该论文的研究背景、研究问题、研究方法和结论。英语摘要,在中医药研究生学位论文中,除标题外,是唯一用英语写作的部分,其质量直接影响着论文的整体质量,是评判研究生论文质量的重要指标。

目前对学术论文体裁的研究主要集中在对论文引言的研究。普遍认为引言的组织结构与整个论文的结构基本一致,即Swales的CARS语篇模式(Create a Research Space),包括导言(introduction)―方法(method)―结果(result)―讨论(discussion)四个语步,即I-M-R-D模式(Swales,1990)。在导言部分,Swales(1990)有详尽的语步分析,如下表1(改动自黄婷婷、许明武,2003)。目前对于方法(method)、结果(result)、讨论(discussion)三个语步的语步分析较少。

Swales的CARS语篇模式已经成为学术论文体裁研究的通用分析模式,为学术界所公认。而国内大多数对学术论文体裁的研究,也沿袭Swales的CARS语篇模式,对论文的引言部分进行体裁分析,而鲜有用此模式对学术论文的英文摘要进行分析。实际上,摘要和引言属于不同的体裁,Graetz(1985)认为论文摘要由四语步构成,即问题的提出(problem)―方法(method)―结果(result)―结论(conclusion)。Bhatia(1993)认为,摘要由以下语步构成:(1)介绍研究目的;(2)描述研究方法;(3)总结研究结果;(4)讨论研究结论。因此,学术论文英语摘要区别于引言,一则在于摘要由于字数限制,较少涉及研究领域的前期研究成果,侧重点在于提出问题和介绍研究目的;而引言部分必须从文献综述入手,否则很难建立自己的研究领域,无法开展下一步的讨论(徐有志等,2007)。二则摘要语篇较之于引言语篇,更需要有效提供研究结论,而不宜占用过多篇幅展开讨论。因此,一方面,鉴于国内对于学术论文摘要部分研究较少,而另一方面,学术论文摘要区别于引言,在第一语步和第四语步有其独特特点,所以,有必要借鉴Swales(1990),Graetz(1985),Bhatia(1993)等前人研究进行深入的探讨和研究。

国际上对学位论文摘要的研究,包括对机械工程、西医外科学、应用语言学文、社会学的研究,当前对中医药英语摘要的研究,关注的焦点是偏误分析(如段平、顾维萍,2002;戈玲玲,2002;王高生,2005),没有对硕博士学位论文摘要的研究,也没有在更高层次上对中医药期刊论文摘要的语类特点进行考察。

二、研究方法

(一)理论研究类

(二)实验研究类

在实验室中,以中医药理论为指导,进行较为严格的变量控制,观察假设中各变量之间是否存在相关关系或因果关系,从中探索中医药作用规律的一种研究方法,受试往往为实验动物。如观察某经典方对受试的治疗效果。

(三)临床研究类

在临床研究中,或在临床实际运用中,以中医药理论为指导,进行较为严格的变量控制,观察假设中各变量之间是否存在相关关系或因果关系,从中探索中医药作用规律的一种研究方法,受试往往为患者。如观察某经典方对受试的治疗效果。

同时,根据Swales的CARS模式,并借鉴黄婷婷、许明武(2003)的研究方法。我对论文摘要进行四大语步的分类:导言(introduction)―方法(method)―结果(result)―讨论(discussion)。判断摘要的文字的语步范围,来自于该文字使用的关键词和关键句型。

三、研究结果和讨论

(一)语步及体裁分类

通过对语料进行初步分类。分类结果如下:

如表2所示,中医药学术论文摘要并不完全遵循传统的论文英语摘要写作模式。首先,理论研究类是区别于其他学科领域论文的特有类型。由于中医药研究重视对传统医学知识的集成和积累,因此文献综述、医案研究、名家经验总结是不可或缺的论文体裁,而其他学科领域中,尤其在理工科和西医学术论文中,除期刊论文可以有文献综述的体裁,一般不允许硕士学位论文和博士论文以纯理论研究的形式出现,因而在摘要中也不会出现理论研究的类型。

其次,通过实际分类发现,在中医药学术论文摘要中普遍存在混合研究的情况,即介绍和讨论理论背景后,通过实验室或者临床应用证明理论指导下对受试进行实验,或者对患者进行施治的情况。而期刊论文摘要由于篇幅所限,往往选择省略对理论背景的讨论,使用直接描述实验或者临床应用的写作策略。同时,在硕博士学位论文中,也存在省略背景讨论的情况,只对实验过程或者临床作用进行讨论。

最后,可以发现,在类型分布上,硕士学位论文学位摘要的种类数量比较平均,以理论研究稍多;而博士学位论文明显以理论研究加实验室研究的混合研究类较多,可以推断,博士论文在理论深度上要求更高,博士生也更多参与实验室研究工作,故而此类较多。同样,因为大多数博士论文的摘要中会包含理论背景,临床研究类的论文数量较少。期刊论文除不存在混合研究外,在其他三种类型中分布平均。这可能和期刊论文的篇幅有限有关,侧重点往往只在一方面。

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(二)语步分析

1.理论研究语步分析。

通过对理论研究的基本语步进行分析,如表2所示,可以看出理论研究类并不遵循Swales的CARS模型,往往只有导言部分(introduction)。另外,学位论文和期刊论文虽然长度不同,均涵盖导言部分的三大语步,即M1:建立研究领域(Establishing a territory);M2:建立研究地位(Establishing a niche);M3:占据研究地位(Occupying the niche)。以硕士学位论文A7每段开头为例:

The virus pneumonia is a commonly significant disease in clinic (M1 S1) .

That the Chinese medicine treats virus pneumonia has the unique superiority and has accumulated rich experience (M2 S4).

This paper aims to study the effects of Xuanchangfeiqi Tang on virus pneumonia and its clinical utilization rule of ventilating lung (M3 S1).

在期刊论文全文中有相似语步,以C2为例:

Di dang Decoction, a classic prescription of promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis,was used to treat stagnated blood syndrome in ancient times (M1 S1).

Recently,physicians have found that interior stagnant-heat syndrome is manifested in many kinds of internal damage and miscellaneous diseases,so the prescription can treat diseases of different systems (M2 S4).

This paper aims to review the recent clinical reports of Didang Decoction (M3 S1).

2.实验研究、临床研究语步分析。

3.混合研究语步分析。

首先,在三种英语论文摘要中,在期刊论文摘要中混合研究数量为零。我认为,并非期刊论文的实验过程和临床应用没有结合理论,而是在语步中理论并没有体现。

同时,博士学位论文英语摘要的语步特点最完整,使用IMRD或IMRC的语步推进模式,对理论研究部分的描述最全面。以博士论文B9为例,有清晰的元语篇标记(meta-discourse)完成语步转换:

In theoretical research, the article holds that ...(第二段第一句)

In experimental research,we reproduce the mouse model of ...(第三段第一句)

“本文分为理论研究和临床研究两个部分。理论研究方面,运用温病学理论、认识感染性肺炎的病因病机及辨证论治,重点探讨中医与现代现代医学之感染性肺炎在病因、病理认识上的契合点。”

第四段出现对应的元语篇结构:

“临床研究方面,根据症状表现,对南京中医药大学附属医院,江苏省中医院收治的105例感染性肺炎住院患者进行辨证分型,总结临床用药,结果显示,感染性肺炎临床常见证型为痰热壅肺与风热犯肺型;最常用具有宣降肺气以透邪的中药属解表、清热、怯湿、止咳、化痰等类。”

Pneumonia is classified under Feng-wen,or Ke-sou (cough) category in traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).Literature study showed that both conventional and TCM shared similar views on causes and pathology of ,in terms of treatment,TCM has its rules and characteristics,which is currently still being recognized as clinically effective.

最后,我们发现,和实验研究、临床研类的语步不同的是,硕博士学位论文摘要中混合研究的语步更多出现讨论部分,或者讨论和结论并存,更符合Swales(1990)的IMRD的语步推进模式。主要原因是篇幅容量足够进行讨论,以及论文评审的要求。

四、结论与意义

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参考文献:

[1]Bhatia, Genre:Language Use in Professional Settings [M].London: Longman,1993.

[2]Graetz, EFL Students to Extract Structural Information from Abstracts[M].In J. M. Ulijn and A. K. Pugh. Reading for Professional Purposes. Leuven: :123-135.

[3]Paltridge,B.& Starfield, and Dissertation Writing in a Second Language:A Handbook for Supervisors[M].London: Routledge,2007.

[4]Swales, Analysis:English in Academic and Research Settings[M].Cambridge: CUP. 1990.

[5]Thompson, the Contexts for Writing:Interviews within PhD supervisors[M].1999. in P. Thompson (ed.) Issues in EAP Writing Research and Instruction. Reading:Centre for Applied Language Studies.

[6]Hyland, to students: Metadisourse in introductory coursebooks [J].English for Specific Purposes, 1999,18:3-26.

[7]Hyland, interactions: Metadiscourse in L2 postgraduate writing [J].Journal of Second Language Writing, 2004a, 13:133-151.

[8]Hyland, Interactions in Writing[M].London: .

[9]Hyland, and engagement: A model of interaction in academic discourse [J].Discourse Studies, 2005b, 7:173-192.

[10]刘胜莲,魏万德.英文摘要方法语步中体裁结构及语言特点分析[J].武汉理工大学学报,2010,32,(14):197-200.

[11]段平,顾维萍.医学论文标题与摘要汉译英常见错误分析[J].中国翻译,2002,23,(4):47-55.

[12]葛冬梅,杨瑞英.学术论文摘要的体裁分析[J].现代外语,2005,28,(2):138-146.

[13]戈玲玲.科技论文摘要英译的语用失误――对非英语专业本科生的一项调查[J].中国科翻译,2002,15,(2):44-46.

[14]黄婷婷,许明武.中外经济类期刊英文摘要语步结构分析[J].外语教育,2003:34-38.

[15]庞继贤,叶宁.语类意识与英语研究论文写作.外语与外语教学,2009,(3):34-36.

[16]王高生.论文摘要的撰写及英译[J].中国科技翻译,2005,18,(2):9-12.

[17]徐有志,郭丽辉,徐涛.学术论文体裁教学不可或缺――英语专业硕士学位论文引言写作情况调查[J].中国外语,2007,4,(4):47-51.

[18]余莉,梁永刚.英语科技论文摘要的写作范式研究[J].外语教学,2006,27,(1):34-37.

本文为南京中医药大学哲学社会科学基金项目“中医药研究生学位论文英语摘要语类研究”成果,编号:09xsk18。

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英文学术论文范文范例 第12篇

Analyzing the Factors and Corresponding Measures for English Majors’ Writing

【Abstract】As we know, English writing is an important part of communicative competence. But for many English majors, it is hard to express their thoughts clearly. In order to find out the main problems and corresponding measures, the author analyzes many compositions written by English majors. With some academic opinions and the author’s own analysis, some problems existing in students’ writing are listed. According to the problems, the author summarizes some influencing factors. Finally, the author gives some relevant solutions. Through analyzing those samples, the author hopes it has some help for English majors’ writing.

【Key words】Writing;English major;Influencing factors;Effective measures

0 Introduction

“English writing is a re-creation process where students use the knowledge of the language through thinking. So writing skills can reflect students’ language competence” (Bai 2009:99)。 But for many English majors, English writing is a difficulty for them. So many reasons have led to this kind of phenomenon. The author summarizes several types of mistakes that English majors often make, such as vocabulary mistakes, grammar mistakes. According to these problems, the author analyzes the influencing factors and tries to find suitable ways to solve this problem.

1 Influencing Factors

Vocabulary Mistakes

Generally there are three kinds of vocabulary mistakes existing in English majors’ writing. They are spelling mistake, collocation mistake and part of speech problem. In the following part, they are discussed one by one.

First, the spelling mistakes are common in their compositions. “Vocabulary is the requisite element of English writing” (He 2008:141)。 If students want to write a good composition to express their thoughts, they should grasp enough vocabulary and understand words correctly. However, most English majors do not learn vocabulary like that. For example, the words “indepadent” is not correct in spelling; the words “indepondance” and “independent” are not correct; the words “dapt”, “nowdays” are not spelled correctly. This is because students neglect the spelling when they learn the word at the beginning. What’s more, many students recite the word in accordance with pronunciation.

Second, collocation mistakes occur frequently. Collocation is the key point of vocabulary learning. It plays a vital role in expressing the author’s intention. As we all know, the English collocation is very different from Chinese. Some students are used to thinking in Chinese and then directly translate Chinese into English literally. Such literal translations will definitely lead to mistakes. Generally speaking, the words do not appear isolated from others. That is to say, there are fixed about collocation between adjective and noun, verb and object noun etc. However, students often do not pay attention to this collocation and accumulate the words mechanically, leading to inappropriate expression in English. For example, “look dinner” and “leave earth” are not appropriate.